Gastrointestinal Disorders
Acute Gastroenteritis
Chaney, A. (2016). Diarrhea. In Fast Facts About GI and Liver Diseases for Nurses: What APRNs Need to Know in a Nutshell. Springer Publishing.
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Acute gastroenteritis. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Prescilla, R.P. (2018). Pediatric gastroenteritis treatment and management. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/964131-treatment
Riddle, M. S., DuPont, H. L., Connor, B. A. (2016). ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 41 (5), 602-622. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.126
Shane, A.L., Mody, R. K., Crump, J.A., et al. (2017). 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clincal Infectious Diseases, 65 (12); e45-e80. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix669
Zofran. (n.d.). Drugs.com. https://www.drugs.com/pro/zofran.html
Appendicitis
Craig, S. (2018). Appendicitis. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895
Gorter, R. R., Eker, H., Gorter-Stam, M., Gabor, S. A., … Deelder, J. D. (2016). Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis. EAES consensus development conference 2015. Surgical Endoscopy. 30 (11), 4668-4690. doi: 10.1007/s00464-016-5245-7
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Appendicitis. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Kirkil, C., Yigit, M. V., & Aygen, E. (2014). Long-term results of nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated acute appendicitis. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 25 (4), 393-397. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2014.7192
Mohammed, A., Shanbhag, V., Ashfaque, K. (2014). A comparative study of RIPASA score and ALVARADO score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Research, 8 (11), NC03-05. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9055.5170
Ramone, R., et al. (2016). Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis. EAES consensus development conference 2015. Surgical Endoscopy 30 (11): 4668-4690. doi: 10.1007/s00464-016-5245-7
Cholecystitis
Bloom, A. A. (2019). Cholecystitis. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886
European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). (2016). EASL Clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. Journal of Hepatology, 65 (1), 146-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.005.
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Cholecystitis. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Tazuma, S., Unno, M., Igarashi, Y. et al. (2017). Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. Journal of Gastroenterology. 52, 276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-016-1289-7
Colic
Benninga, M., Nurko, S., Faure, C., Hyman, P. E., St. James Roberts, I. & Schechter, N. L. (2016). Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology, 150 (6), 1443-1455.e2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.016
Deshpande, P.G. (2017). Colic. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760
Gordon, M., Biagioli, E., Sorrenti, M., Lingua, C., Moja, L., Banks, S. S., … & Savino, F. (2018). Dietary modifications for infantile colic. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011029.pub2
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Colic. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Johnson, J.D., Crocker, K., & Chang, E. (2015). Infantile colic: recognition and treatment. American Family Physician, 92 (7), 577-582. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1001/p577.html
Sung, V. (2018). Infantile colic. Australian Prescriber, 41(4), p. 105-110. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2018.033
Constipation
American Gastroenterological Association. (2013). American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology, 144, 211-217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029
Andromanakos, N. P., Pinis, S. I., & Kostakis, A. I. (2015). Chronic severe constipation: current pathophysiological aspects, new diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 27 (3), 204-214. Doi: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000288.
Chaney, A. (2016). Constipation. In: Fact Facts about GI and Liver Diseases for Nurses: What APRNs Need to Know in a Nutshell. Springer Publishing.
Goroll, A. H., Mulley, A. G. (2014). Primary Care Medicine: Office Evaluation and Management of the Adult Patient (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Paquette, I. M., Varma, M., Ternent, C., Melton-Meaux, G., Rafferty, J. F., Feingold, D., Steele, S. R. (2016). The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons’ clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of constipation. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 59, 479-492. DOI: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000599
Roque, M. V., Bouras, E. P. (2015). Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patients. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10, 19-930. doi:10.2147/CIA.S54304
Tabbers, M. M., DiLorenzo, C., Berger, M. Y., Faure, C., Langendam, M. W., Nurko, S., Staiano, A., Vandenplas,Y., & Benninga, M. A. (2014). Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. Journal of Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Nutrition, 58 258–274. https://www.naspghan.org/files/documents/pdfs/position-papers/Constipation_Feb_2014.pdf
Crohn's Disease
Danese, S., Banerjee, R., Cummings, J. F., Dotan, I., Kotze, P.G., Leong, R. W. L., Paridaens, K., Peyrin-Biroulet, L., Scott, G., Assche, G.V., Wehkamp, J., Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K. (2018). Consensus recommendations for patient-centered therapy in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: the i Support Therapy-Access to Rapid Treatment (iSTART) approach. Intestinal Research. 16 (4), 522-528. doi: 10.5217/ir.2018.00073
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Crohn’s disease. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Lee, B. E., & Pang, X.-L. (2013). New strains of norovirus and the mystery of viral gastroenteritis epidemics. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185 (16), 1381-1382. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.130426
Nguyen, G. C., Loftus, E. V., Hirano, I., & AGA Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. (2017). American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the management of Crohn’s disease after surgical resection. Gastroenterology. 152 (1): 271-275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.038
Singh, S., Fumery, M., Sandborn, W. J., Murad, M. H. (2018). Systematic review with network meta‐analysis: first‐ and second‐line pharmacotherapy for moderate‐severe ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 47, 162-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14422
Diverticulitis
Chaney, A. (2016). Diverticular Disease. In: Fast Facts About GI and Liver Diseases for Nurses: What APRNs need to know in a nutshell. Springer Publishing.
Collins, D. Winter, D. C. (2015). Modern concepts in diverticular diseae. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 49(5), 358-369. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000308
Goroll, A. H., Mulley, A. G. (2014). Primary Care Medicine: Office Evaluation and Mangement of the Adult Patient, 7th ed. (pp. 459-628). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Mosadeghi, S., Bhuket, T., Stollman, N. (2015). Diverticular disease: evolving concepts in classification, presentation, and management. Current Opinions in Gastroenterology, 31(1), 50-55. doi: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000145
Stollman, N., Smalley, W., Hirano, I., & AGA Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee, American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the management of acute diverticulitis. (2015). Gastroenterology. 149 (7), 1944-1949. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.10.003
Vennix, S., Morton, D. G., Hahnloser, D., Lange, J. F., & Bemelman, W. A. (2014). Systematic review of evidence and consensus on diverticulitis: an analysis of national and international guidelines. Colorectal Disease 16(11), 866-878. doi: 10.1111/codi.12659.
Wilkins, T., Embry, K., George, R. (2013). Diagnosis and management of acute diverticulitis. American Family Physician. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0501/p612.html
Encopresis
Borowitz, S. M. (2017). Encopresis. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928795-overview#a3
Davis, J. L. (2016). Identifying underlying emotional instability and utilizing a combined intervention in the treatment of childhood constipation and encopresis: a case report. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22 (6), 489-492. doi: 10.1089/acm.2015.0093
Gibas-Dorna, M., & Piątek, J. (2014). Functional constipation in children: evaluation and management. Gastroenterology Review, 9 (4), 194-199. doi: 10.5114/pg2014.45099
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Encopresis. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Rao, S. S. C., Bharucha, A. E., Chiarioni, G., Felt-Bersma, R., Knowles, C., Malcom, A., & Wald, A. (2016). Anorectal disorders. Gastroenterology, 150 (6), 1430-1442. doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.009
Schmulson, M. J., & Drossman, D. A. (2017). What is new in Rome IV? Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 23 (2), 151-163. Doi: 10.5056/jnm16214
Shepard, J. A., Poler, J. E., & Grabman, J. H. (2017). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for pediatric elimination disorders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46 (6), 767-797. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1247356
Tabbers, M., Dilorenzo, C., Berger, M., Faure, C., Langendam, M., Nurko, S., … Benninga, M. (2014). Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 58 (2), 265-281. Doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000266
Vuletic, B. (2017). Encopresis in children: an overview of recent findings. Serbain Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 18 (2), 157-161. doi: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0027
Functional Abdominal Pain: Pediatric
Brown, L. K., Beattie, R. M., & Tighe, M. P. (2016). Practical management of functional abdominal pain in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 10 (7), 677-683. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306426
Brusaferro, A., Farinelli, E., Zenzeri, L., Cozzali, R., & Esposito, S. (2018). The management of pediatric functional abdominal pain. Pediatric Drugs, 20(3), 235-247. doi:10.1007/s40272-018-0287-z
Hijaz, N. M. & Friesen, C. A. (2017). Managing acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients: current perspectives. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 8, 83-91. doi: 10.2147/PHMT.S120156
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Functional abdominal pain. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates
McClelland, N. & Ahlawat, R. (2019). Functional abdominal pain in children. Stat Pearls. https://www.statpearls.com/kb/viewarticle/21990
Quak, S.H. (2015). Recurrent abdominal pain in children: a clinical approach. Singapore Medical Journal, 56(3), 125-128. doi:10.11622/smedj.2015038
Reust, C. E. & Williams, A. (2016). Acute abdominal pain in children. American Family Physician, 93(10), 830-837. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0515/p830.html
Reust, C. E. & Williams, A. (2018). Recurrent abdominal pain in children. American Family Physician, 97(12), 785-793. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0615/p785.html
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Boeckxstaens, G., El-Serag, H. B., Smout, A. J., Kahrilas, P. J. (2015). Symptomatic reflux disease: the present, the past and the future. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 91 (1071), 46-54. Doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-306393rep
Fogleman, C., Korbin, L. (2018). Feed thickener for newborn infants with gastroesophageal reflux. American Family Physician, 98, 275-276. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0901/p275.html
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care (3rd ed., pp. 260-264). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Hunt, R., Armstrong, D., Katelaris, P., Afihene, M., Bane, A., Bhatia, S., … LeMair, A. (2017). World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guidelines: GERD global perspective on gastroesophageal reflux disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 51, 467-478. Doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000854
Sandhu, S., Fass., R. (2018). Current trends in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gut and Liver, 12, 7-16. doi: 10.5009/gnl16615
Thomas, D. (2019). Gastric and intestinal disorders. In Dunphy, L., Winland-Brown, J., Porter, B., & Thomas, D. (5th ed.) Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing – An Interprofessional Approach (pp. 565-569). F.A. Davis.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2020). FDA Updates and Press Announcements on NDMA in Zantac (ranitidine). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-ndma-zantac-ranitidine
Whetsel, T. (2019). Heartburn: appropriate use of OTC medications. In The Rx Consultant: Improving Patient Care Through Drug Education. Continuing Education Network, Inc. Available at https://rxconsultant.com/index.cfm
Hemorrhoids
Andromanakos, N. P., Pinis, S. I., Kostakis, A. I. (2015). Chronic severe constipation: current pathophysiological aspects, new diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 27(3), 204-214. Doi: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000288.
Mott, T., Latimer, K., & Edwards, C. (2018). Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and treatment options. American Family Physician, 97(3):172-179.
Wald, A., Bharucha, A. E., Cosman, B. C., Whitehead, W. E. (2014). American College of Gastroenterology clinical guideline: Management of benign anorectal disorders. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 109(8), 1141-1157. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.190
Hepatitis, Viral
American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. (2019). HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. https://www.hcvguidelines.org/sites/default/files/full-guidance-pdf/200206_HCVGuidance_November_06_2019_a.pdf
Cacouba, P., Granagia, L, Comarmonda, C., Zignegoe, A. (2014). Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Digestive and Liver Disease, 46(5): S165–S173. doi: 10.1177/2049936115585942
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). ACIP Immunization Schedule. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.htmL
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Hepatitis A questions and answers for healthcare professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm#protection
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019) Hepatitis B questions and answers for healthcare professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Hepatitis C questions and answers for healthcare professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Hepatitis E questions and answers for healthcare professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hev/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis – United States, 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2017surveillance/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR, 67(1), 1-31. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines. Viral hepatitis. http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/hepatitis.htm
Nelson, N. P. (2017). Updated dosing instructions for immune globulin (human) GamaSTAN S/D for hepatitis A virus prophylaxis. MMWR, 66, 959-960. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6636a5
Patel, E., Thio, C., Boon, T., et al. (2019). Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infections in the United States, 2011-2016, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 69(4), 709-712.
Schillie, S., Vellozzi, C., Reingold, A., et al. (2018). Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 67 (No. RR-1), 1-31. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1
Terrault, N., Lok, A., McMahon, B., Chang, K., Hwang, J., Jonas, M., Brown, R., Bzowej, N., Wong, J. (2018). Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology, 67(4), 1540-1599. doi: 10.1002/hep.29800
Yurdaydin, C. Keskin, O., Kalkan, Ç., et al (2018). Optimizing lonafarnib treatment for the management of chronic delta hepatitis: The LOWR HDV‐1 Study. Hepatology, 67, 1224-1236. doi: 10.1002/hep.29658
Hirschsprung's Disease
Gosain, A., Frykman, P. K., Cowles, R. A., Horton, J., Levitt, M., Rothstein, D. H., …& Goldstein, A.M. (2017). American Pediatric Surgical Association Hirschsprung Disease Interest Group. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis. Pediatric Surgery International, 33(5), 517–521. doi:10.1007/s00383-017-4065-8
Huang, W. K., Li, X. L., Zhang, J., & Zhang, S. C. (2018). Prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of postoperative complications after surgery for Hirschsprung disease. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 22(2), 335-343. doi: 10.1007/s11605-017-3596-6
Lof Granstrom, A., Svenningsson, A., Hagel, E., Oddsberg, J., Nordenskjold, A., & Wester, T. (2016). Maternal risk factors and perinatal characteristics for Hirschsprung disease. Pediatrics, (138), 1. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4608
Moore, S.W. (2016). Hirschsprung disease: Current perspectives. Dove Press, (9), 39-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAS.S81552
Reuter-Rice K. & Bolick, B. (2015). Gastrointestinal disorders. In Pediatric Acute Care: A Guide for Interprofessional Practice. Jones and Bartlett.
Wagner, J.P. (2020). Hirschsprung’s disease. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178493
Inguinal Hernia
Berger, D. (2016). Evidence-based hernia treatment. Deutsches Artzblatt International, 113, 150-158. doi: 10.3238/artzebl.2016.0150
Burcharth, J., Pedersen, M., Bisgaard, T., Pedersen, C., & Rosenberg, J. (2013). Nationwide prevalence of groin hernia repair. PloS One, 8(1), e54367.
HerniaSurge Group. (2018). International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia, 22(1), 1-165. doi: 10.1007/s10029-017-1668-x
Hewitt, D.B. (2017). Groin hernia. JAMA. 317(24), 2560. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.1556
Pawlak, M., Niebuhr, H. & Bury, K. (2015). Dynamic inguinal ultrasound: a diagnostic tool for hernia surgeons. Hernia, 19:1033. doi: 10.1007/s10029-015-1356-7
Perez Lara, F. J., del Ray Moreno, A., Munoz, H. O. (2015). Hernia, 19, 703-712. doi: 10.1007/s10029-014-1319-4
Williamson, J. S., Jones, H. G., Radwan, R. R., & Rasheed, A. (2016). Inguinal hernias associated with a single strenuous event. Hernia, 20, 687-690. doi: 10.1007/s10029-016-1505-7
Intussusception
Caruso, A. M., Pane, A., Scanu, A., Muscas, A., Garau, R., Caddeo, F. & Mascia, L. (2017). Intussusception in children: Not only surgical treatment. Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine, 6(1). doi:10.7363/060135
Gluckman, S., Karpelowsky, J., Webster, A. C., McGee, R. G. (2017). Management for intussusception in children. Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, 1(6):CD006476. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006476.pub3
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Intussusception. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Hollier, J. M., Pimpalwar, A. P., Fishman, D. S., Popek, E. J., Himes, R. W. (2014). Infantile intussusception. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 58(4), e36, doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000304
Lin, X. K., Xia, Q. Z., Huang, X. Z., Han, Y. J., He, G. R., Zheng, N. (2017). Clinical characteristics of intussusception secondary to pathologic lead points in children: a single center experience with 65 cases. Pediatric Surgery Interventions, 33(7), 793-797. doi: 10.1007/s00383-017-4101-8
Uyulmaz, S., Zund, M., Casper, U., Diebold, J., & Slankamenac, K. (2018). Intussusception in unspecified recurrent abdominal pain in adult: A case report. Sage Journals, (6), https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X18792814
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Carrasco-Labra, A., Lytvyn, L., Falck-Ytter, Y., Surawicz, C. M., Chey, W. D. (2019). AGA technical review on the evaluation of functional diarrhea and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in adults (IBS-D). Gastroenterology 157(3), 859-880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.014
Smalley, W., Falck-Ytter, C., Carrasco-Labra, A., Wani, S., Lytvyn, L., Falck-Ytter, Y. (2019). AGA clinical practice guidelines on the laboratory evaluation of functional diarrhea and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in adults (IBS-D). Gastroenterology, 157(3), 851-854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.004
Weinberg, D. S., Smalley, W., Heidelbaugh, J. J., & Sultan, S. (2014). American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the pharmacological management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 147(5): 1146-1148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.001
Nausea and Vomiting
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 131(1): e15-e30. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002456.
Anzemet. (2017). PDR. https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Anzemet-Tablets-dolasetron-mesylate-506.8229
Brown, T. (2017). New guidelines on nausea, vomiting in pregnancy. Medscape. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/890504
Consolini, D. M. (n.d.). Nausea and vomiting in infants and children. Merck Manual Online. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/nausea-and-vomiting-in-infants-and-children
Flake, Z., Linn, B., & Hornecker, J. (2015). Practical selection of antiemetics in the ambulatory setting. American Family Physician, 91(5):293-296. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0301/p293.html
Metoclopramide. (2020). PDR. https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Reglan-Tablets-metoclopramide-956.5843#14
Ondansetron. (2020). PDR. https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Ondansetron-ondansetron-hydrochloride-3428.2904#6
Promethazine hydrochloride. (2020). PDR. https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Promethazine-Hydrochloride-Tablets-promethazine-hydrochloride-1288
Thorazine. (2020). PDR. https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Chlorpromazine-Hydrochloride-Tablets-chlorpromazine-hydrochloride-693.423#5
Scopolamine. (2020). PDR. https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Transderm-Scop-scopolamine-415#4
Schwartzberg, L.S. (2017). Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: strategies for prevention and treatment. Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology, 15 (12), 906-913.
Singh, P., Yoon, S. S., & Kuo, B. (2016). Nausea: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutics. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 9(1), 98-112. doi:10.1177/1756283X15618131
Russell, A. C., Stone, A. L., & Walker, L. S. (2016). Functional nausea in children: a review of the literature and need for diagnostic criteria. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 3(1), 5. doi:10.3390/children3010005
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Chalasani N., Younossi, Z., Lavine, J. E., Charlton, M., Cusi, K., Rinella, M., Harrison, S. A., Brunt, E. M., Sanyal, A. J. (2018). The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 67, 328-357. doi: 10.1002/hep.29367
Corrado, R. L., Torres, D. M., Harrison, S. A. (2014). Review of treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medical Clinics of North America, 98(1), 55-72. Doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2013.09.001
Marzuillo, P., Grandone, A., Perrone, L., Miraglia Del Giudice, E. (2015). Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in the pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The role of genetics. World Journal of Hepatology, 7(11), 1439-1443. Doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1439
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Chey, W.D., Leontiadis, G.I., Howden, C.W., Moss, S.F. (2017). ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology 112:212. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.563
Fallone, C.A., Chiba, N., Van Zanteri, et al. (2016). The Toronto Consensus for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults. Gastroenterology 15:51. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.006
Fashner, J., Gitu, A. C. (2015). Diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and H. pylori infection. American Family Physician, 91(4), 236-242.
Hollier, A. (Ed). (2018). Peptic ulcer disease. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Pinworm Infection
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Parasites-Enterobiasis: Resources for health professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/health_professionals/index.html
Hamilton, R. J. (Ed.). (2020). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia. Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Pinworm infection. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Khubchandani, I. T. & Bub, D. S. (2019). Parasitic infections. Clinics in Colon Rectal Surgery, 32(5), 364-371. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1687832
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Pyloric Stenosis
Burns, C. E., Brady, M., & Dunn, A., Starr, N.B., Blosser, C.G. (2016). Pediatric Primary Care: A handbook for nurse practitioners. W. B. Saunders.
Nazer, H. (2017). Pediatric hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929829
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Pyloric stenosis. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Subramaniam, S. (2018). Pediatric pyloric stenosis. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803489
Recurrent Abdominal Pain: Adult
Hollier, A. (Ed.). Recurrent abdominal pain: Adult. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (2019). Functional abdominal pain syndrome. https://www.iffgd.org/lower-gi-disorders/functional-abdominal-pain-syndrome.html
Yarze, J. C. & Friedman, L. S. (2016). Chronic abdominal pain. In M. Feldman, L. S. Friedman, & L. J. Brandt (Eds.), Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. (10th ed.). Elsevier.
Ulcerative Colitis
Basson, M.D. (2017). Ulcerative colitis treatment & management. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084
Bressler, B., et al, for the Toronto Ulcerative Colitis Consensus Group. (2015). Clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of nonhospitalized ulcerative colitis: The Toronto Consensus. Gastroenterology 148(5): 1035-1058.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.00
Kornbluth, A., Sachar, D. B. (2010). Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College of Gastroenterology Practice Parameters Committee. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 105(3), 501-523. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.727
Osterman, M. T., Lichtenstein, G. R. (2016). Ulcerative colitis. In M. Feldman, L.S. Friedman, & L.J. Brandt (Eds.) Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 2023-2061. Elsevier Saunders.