Reproductive Health
Contraception
Casey, F. E. (2020). Contraception. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/258507
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Contraception. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/summary.html
Hatcher, R.A. (Ed.). (2018). Contraceptive Technology. (21st ed.). Managing Contraception, LLC.
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Contraception. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Kaneshiro, B., & Aeby, T. (2010). Long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device. International Journal of Women's Health, 2, 211-220. doi:10.2147/ijwh.s6914
World Health Organization. (2015). Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. (5th ed.). WHO.
World Health Organization. (2018). Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers. WHO.
Preconception Care
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Good health before pregnancy: prepregnancy care. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Good-Health-Before-Pregnancy-Prepregnancy-Care
Arluck, J. C. (2018). Preconception care for the general ob/gyn. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 61(1), 62-71. DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000338
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Before pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/preconception/women.html
Clark, E. (2017). Pregnancy and prenatal care. In Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice. (5th ed.) (pp. 65-78). Elsevier.
Delcore, L. (2016). Preconception care of the obese woman. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59(1) , 129-139. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000182
Johnson, C. T. (2020). The John Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics. (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Prenatal Care
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Committee on Obstetric Practice: Committee Opinion No. 797: Prevention of Group B Streptococcal early-onset disease in newborns. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Routine tests during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/pregnancy/routine-tests-during-pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 752: Prenatal and perinatal human immunodeficiency virus testing. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 132(3), e138-e142. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002825
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 717: Sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin and risk of birth defects. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 130(3), e150-e152. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002300
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. (8th ed.). ACOG.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 162: Prenatal diagnostic testing for genetic disorders. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 127(5), e108-e122. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001405
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 650: Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 126(6), p. 1326-1327.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2009). Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services task force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(12), 869-873.
Physiologic and Psychologic Changes of Pregnancy
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. (8th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics.
Brown, H.D. (2018). Physiology of pregnancy. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/approach-to-the-pregnant-woman-and-prenatal-care/physiology-of-pregnancy
Hall, M. E., George, E. M., Granger, J. P. (2011). The heart during pregnancy. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition), 64(11), 1045-1050. doi: 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.07.009
LoMauro, A., Aliverti, A. (2015). Respiratory physiology of pregnancy. Breathe, 11(4), 297-301. doi: 10.1183/20734735.008615
Sanghavi, M. (2014). Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. Circulation, 130, 1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009029
Soma-Pillay, P., et al. (2016). Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 27(2), 89-94. doi: 10.5830/CVJA-2016-02
Somani, S. (2015). Pregnancy special considerations. Physiologic ocular changes occurring during pregnancy. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1229740-overview#a2
Medication Use in Pregnancy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Guidelines and recommendations for treating and managing health conditions during pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/treatingfortwo/treatment-guidelines.html
National Institutes of Health. (2020). LactMed: Drugs and lactation database. https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/lactmed.htm
Pernia, S., DeMaagd, G. (2016). The new pregnancy and lactation labeling rule. Pharmacy & Therapeutics, 41(11), 713-715. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5083079/
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2014). Content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products; requirements for pregnancy and lactation labeling. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/12/04/2014-28241/content-and-format-of-labeling-for-human-prescription-drug-and-biological-products-requirements-for
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2016). Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Labeling/ucm093307.htm
Immunization During Pregnancy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Guidelines for vaccinating pregnant women. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp-toolkit/guidelines.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Maternal vaccination coverage. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp-toolkit/maternal-vaccination-coverage.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Why maternal vaccines are important. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp-toolkit/important-maternal-vaccines.html
Johnson, C. T. (2020). The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics. (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Kauschinger, E. (2016). Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice. (5th ed.) Elsevier.
Nutrition and Exercise in Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Nutrition during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/pregnancy/nutrition-during-pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135, e178-e188. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/04/physical-activity-and-exercise-during-pregnancy-and-the-postpartum-period
Buttaro, T. M., Trybulski, J., Polgar-Bailey, P., Sandberg-Cook, J. (Eds.). (2017). Pregnancy and prenatal care. In Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice. (5th ed.) Elsevier.
Delcore, L. (2016). Preconception care of the obese woman. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59(1), 129-139. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000182
Johnson, C. T. (2020). The John Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics. (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being: Invasive Prenatal Testing
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (8th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Practice Bulletin No. 145: Antepartum fetal surveillance. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 124(1), 182-92. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000451759.90082.7b
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Practice Bulletin No. 16: Screening for fetal aneuploidy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 127(5), 979-81. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001439
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). Practice Bulletin No. 162: Prenatal diagnostic testing for genetic disorders. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 127(5), e108-122. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001405
Casanova, R., Chuang, A., Goepfert, A. R., Hueppchen, N. A., & Weiss, P. M. (2019). Beckmann & Ling’s Obstetrics and Gynecology. (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L., Casey, B. M., & Spong, C. Y. (2018). Williams Obstetrics. (25th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being: Biophysical Profile of the Fetus
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. (8th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). Practice Bulletin No. 145: Antepartum fetal surveillance. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 124(1), 182-192. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000451759.90082.7b
Casanova, R., Chuang, A., Goepfert, A. R., Hueppchen, N. A., & Weiss, P. M. (2019). Beckmann & Ling’s Obstetrics and Gynecology. (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B .L., Casey, B. M., & Spong, C. Y. (2018). Williams Obstetrics. (25th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being: Maternal Assessment of Fetal Activity
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). Practice Bulletin No. 145: Antepartum fetal surveillance. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 124(1), 182-192. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000451759.90082.7b
Bryant, J., Jamil, R. T., & Thistle, J. (2020). Fetal Movement. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470566/
Lyndon, A. & Ali, L. U. (2015). Antenatal fetal assessment and testing. In Treanor, C. M. Fetal Health Monitoring: Principles and practices (pp. 286-289). (5th ed.). Kendall Hunt.
Mangesi, L., Hofmeyr, G. J., Smith, V., & Smyth, R. M. D. (2015). Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing (review). Cochrane Database. https://www.cochrane.org/CD004909/PREG_fetal-movement-counting-assessment-fetal-wellbeing
Olagbuji, B. N., Igbarumah, S., Akintayo, A. A., Olifinbiyi, B. A., Oduloju, P. O., & Alao, O. O. (2014). Maternal understanding of fetal movement in the third trimester: a means for fetal monitoring and reducing stillbirth. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 17(4), 489-494. doi: 10.4103/1119.3077.134049
World Health Organization. (2016). WHO recommendation on daily fetal movement. https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/preconception-pregnancy-childbirth-and-postpartum-care/antenatal-care/who-recommendation-daily-fetal-movement-counting
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being: Nonstress Testing
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (8th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014; affirmed 2019). Practice Bulletin No. 145: Antepartum fetal surveillance. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014 Jul;124(1):182-92. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000451759.90082.7b
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Nonstress testing. In: Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being: Ultrasound of the Fetus
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Committee Opinion No. 723: Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstetrics & Gynecology.130(4): e210-6. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/10/guidelines-for-diagnostic-imaging-during-pregnancy-and-lactation
American Pregnancy Association. (n.d.). Ultrasound: sonogram. https://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/ultrasound/
Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Initiative to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure from medical imaging. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/radiation-safety/initiative-reduce-unnecessary-radiation-exposure-medical-imaging
Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Ultrasound Imaging. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/medical-imaging/ultrasound-imaging
Springer, S. (2018). Prenatal diagnosis and fetal therapy. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/936318-overview#a1
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Ankle Edema
American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. (8th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics
Afshan, B., Hameed, C., Morton, H., & and Moore, A. (2017). Improving health care response to cardiovascular disease in pregnancy and postpartum. California Department of Public Health. Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Division. https://www.cmqcc.org/resources-toolkits/toolkits/improving-health-care-response-cardiovascular-disease-pregnancy-and
Bickley, L. S., & Szilagyi, P. G. (2016). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. (12th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2019). Old's Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the Lifespan. (11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Druzin, M. L., Shields, L. E., Peterson, N. L., Cape, V. (2014). Preeclampsia toolkit: improving health care response to preeclampsia. California Department of Public Health. Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Division. https://www.cmqcc.org/resources-tool-kits/toolkits/preeclampsia-toolkit
Swamy, G. K., Heine, P. H. (2018). Lower extremity edema during late pregnancy. Merck Manual Professional. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/symptoms-during-pregnancy/lower-extremity-edema-during-late-pregnancy
Tobah, Y. V. (2017). What causes ankle swelling during pregnancy, and what can I do about it? https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/swelling-during-pregnancy/faq-20058467
Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2019). Varney's Midwifery. (6th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Backache
American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2020). Patient Resources: back pain during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Back-Pain-During-Pregnancy
Berber, M. A., Satilmis, I. G. (2020). Characteristics of low back pain in pregnancy. Risk factors and its effects on quality of life. Pain Management Nursing, S1524-9042(20), 30131-30134. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.05.001
Gregory, D. S., Wu, V. W., & Tuladhar, P. (2018). The pregnant patient: managing common acute medical problems. American Family Physician, 98(9), 595-602. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p595.html
Shah, S., Banh, E. T., Koury, K., Bhatia, G., Nandi, R. & Gulur, P. (2015). Pain management in pregnancy: multimodal approaches. Pain Research and Treatment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/987483
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Final Rule. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Constipation
American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2014). Patient resources. Problems of the digestive system. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Problems-of-the-Digestive-System?IsMobileSet=false
Rungsiprakarn, P., Laopaiboon, M., Sangkomkamhang, U., Lumbiganon, P., Pratt, J. J. (2015). Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy. Cochrane Library. https://www.cochrane.org/CD011448/PREG_interventions-treating-constipation-pregnancy
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Pregnancy and lactation labeling final rule. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Heartburn
American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2014). Patient resources. Problems of the digestive system. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Problems-of-the-Digestive-System?IsMobileSet=false
Gregory, D. S., Wu, V. W., & Tuladhar, P. (2018). The pregnant patient: managing common acute medical problems. American Family Physician, 98(9), 595-602. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p595.html
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
Vazquez, J. C. (2015). Heartburn in pregnancy. BMJ Clinical Evidence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562453/pdf/2015-1411.pdf
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Hemorrhoids
American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2014). Patient resources. Problems of the digestive system. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Problems-of-the-Digestive-System?IsMobileSet=false
Mott, T., Latimer, K., Edwards, C. (2019). Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and treatment options. American Family Physician, 97(3), 172-179. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0201/p172.html
Perry, K. R. (2019). Hemorrhoids. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
Shirah, B.H., et al. (2017). Hemorrhoids during pregnancy: sitz bath vs. anorectal cream: a comparative prospective study of two conservative treatment protocols. Women Birth, 31(4), e272-e277. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.003.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Leg Cramps
Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Gregory, D. S., Wu, V. W., & Tuladhar, P. (2018). The pregnant patient: managing common acute medical problems. American Family Physician, 98(9), 595-602. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p595.html
Zhou, K., West, H. M., Zhan, J., Xu, L., Li, W. (2015). Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8), CD010655. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010655.pub2
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Leukorrhea
American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. (8th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics.
American Pregnancy Association. (2015). Vaginal discharge during pregnancy. http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/vaginal-discharge-during-pregnancy/
Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Prentice Hall.
Kelsey, B. M. & Hagtalon-Ramos, J. (2020). Midwifery & Women’s Health Nurse Practitioner Certification Review Guide. (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2015). Varney's Midwifery. (6th ed.). Jones and Bartlett.
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Nasal Congestion and Epistaxis
Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Prentice Hall.
Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2018). Varney's Midwifery. (6th ed.). Jones and Bartlett.
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Nausea and Vomiting
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131(1), e15-e30. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002456
American Pregnancy Association. (n.d.). Nausea help during pregnancy. https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-concerns/nausea-during-pregnancy/
Duchesnay Pharmaceuticals. Bonjesta prescribing information. https://files.duchesnay.com/duchesnay-usa/bonjesta/bonjesta-prescribing-information.pdf
Duchesnay Pharmaceuticals. Diclegis prescribing information. https://files.duchesnay.com/duchesnay-usa/diclegis/diclegis-prescribing-information.pdf
Gregory, D. S., Wu, V. W., & Tuladhar, P. (2018). The pregnant patient: managing common acute medical problems. American Family Physician, 98(9), 595-602. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p595.html
Kreitzer, M. J., & Koithan, M. (Eds.). (2014). Integrative nursing management of nausea. In Integrative Nursing. (pp. 214-229). Oxford University Press.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Round Ligament Pain
Gregory, D. S., Wu, V. W., & Tuladhar, P. (2018). The pregnant patient: managing common acute medical problems. American Family Physician, 98(9), 595-602. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p595.html
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
Zachariah, S. K., Fenn, M., Jacob, K., Arthungal, S. A., & Zachariah, S. A. (2019). Management of acute abdomen in pregnancy: current perspectives. International Journal of Women’s Health, 11, 119-134. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S151501
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Urinary Frequency
Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2015). Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.) Prentice Hall.
Gregory, D. S., Wu, V.W., & Tuladhar, P. (2018). The pregnant patient: managing common acute medical problems. American Family Physician, 98(9), 595-602. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1101/p595.html
Varney, J., Kriebs, J. M., & Gegor, C. L. (2019). Varney's Midwifery. (6th ed.). Jones and Bartlett.
Common Discomforts of Pregnancy: Varicose Veins
American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2018). Patient resources: skin conditions during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Skin-Conditions-During-Pregnancy#varicose
Gavrilov, S. G. (2017). Vulvar varicosities: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. International Journal of Women’s Health (9), 463-475. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FIJWH.S126165
Raetz, J., Wilson, M., & Collins, C. (2019). Varicose veins: diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician, 99(11), 682-688. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0601/p682.html
Sueyoshi, M., Clevenger, S., & Hart, E. (2018). Large vaginal varicosities in the setting of pregnancy without known hepatic or vascular risks: a case report and review of the literature. Case Reports in Obstetrics & Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2394695
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Abruptio Placentae
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 188: Prelabor rupture of membranes. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131(1):e1-e14. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002455
Deering, S. (2018). Abruptio Placentae. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview#a1
Schmidt, P., Raines, D. (2019). Placental abruption (abruptio placentae). In: StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Acute Cystitis
Ailes, E .C., Summers, A. D., Tran, E. T., Gilboa, S. M., Arnold, K. E., Meany-Delman, D., Reefhuis, J. (2018). Antibiotics dispensed to privately insured pregnant women with urinary tract infections—United States, 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6701a4.htm?s_cid=mm6701a4_e
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Committee Opinion 717. Sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and risk of birth defects. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/09/sulfonamides-nitrofurantoin-and-risk-of-birth-defects
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Key findings: antibiotic treatments for urinary tract infections are commonly prescribed to pregnant women. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/treatingfortwo/features/kf-uti-antibiotic-treatments-pregnant-women.html
Johnson, K. (2017). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy treatment & management. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452604-treatment
Kalinderi, K., Delkos, D., Kalinderis, M., Athanadiasis, A., Kalogiannidis I. (2018). Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: current concepts on a common multifaceted problem. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 6, 1-6. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Cervical Insufficiency
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014, affirmed 2019). ACOG Practice Bulletin No.142: Cerclage for the management of cervical insufficiency. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 123(2 Pt 1), 372-379. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000443276.68274.cc
Dulay, A. T. (2019). Cervical insufficiency. Merck Manual. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/cervical-insufficiency
Norwitz, E. (2016). Cervical insufficiency. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979914-overview
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Ectopic Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Practice Bulletin No. 193. Tubal ectopic pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131(3), e91-103. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002560
American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee. (2013). Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 100, 638-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.06.013
Gaskins, A. J., Missmer, S. A., Rich-Edwards, J., Williams, P., Souter, I., Chavarro, J. (2018). Demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Fertility and Sterility, 110(7), 1328-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.08.022
Grugnoli, D. M. (2019). Ectopic pregnancy. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Gestational Diabetes
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 131(2), 406-408. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002501
American Diabetes Association. (2020). Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Suppl 1), S183-S192. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S014
Cosson, E., Carbillon, R., & Valensi, P. (2017). High fasting plasma glucose during early pregnancy: a review about early gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Research. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8921712
Dong, P. (2019). Association of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and polymorphisms with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22686
Farabi, S. S., & Hernandez, T. L. (2019). Low-carbohydrate diets for gestational diabetes. Nutrients, 11(8), 1737. Doi:10.3390/nu11081737
Guo, X‐Y., Shu, J., Fu, X‐H., Chen, X‐P., Zhang, L., Ji, M‐X., Liu, X‐M., Yu, T‐T., Sheng, J‐Z., Huang, H. F. (2019). Improving the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for gestational diabetes prevention: a meta‐ analysis and meta‐regression. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126, 311-320. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15467
Harper, L. M., Mele, L., Landon, M. B., Carpenter, M. W., Ramin, S. M., Reddy, U. M., and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. (2016). Carpenter-Coustan compared with national diabetes data group criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 127(5), 893-898. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001383
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas. (9th ed.). https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/
Gilbert, L., Gross, J., Lanzi, S., Quansah, D. Y., Puder, J., & Horsch, A. (2019). How diet, physical activity and psychosocial well-being interact in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an integrative review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2185-y
Mirghani Dirar, A., & Doupis, J. (2017). Gestational diabetes from A to Z. World Journal of Diabetes, 8(12), 489–511. doi:10.4239/wjd.v8.i12.489
Moore, T. (2020). Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127547-overview#a2
Nasiri-Amiri, F., Sepidarkish, M., Shirvani, M. A., Habibipour, P. & Tabari, N. (2019). The effect of exercise on the prevention of gestational diabetes in obese and overweight pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, (11), Article number 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-019-0470-6
Padayachee, C., & Coombes, J. S. (2015). Exercise guidelines for gestational diabetes mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(8), 1033-1044. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i8.1033
Poomalar, G. K. (2015). Changing trends in management of gestational diabetes mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(2), 284-295. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.284
Rani, P. R., & Begum, J. (2016). Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Where do we stand? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 10(4), QE01-QE4. doi:10.7860/ JCDR/201 6/17588.7689
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. (7th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics.
Bickley, L. S., & Szilagyi, P. G. (2016). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. (12th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L., Casey, B. M., & Spong C. Y. (2018). Williams Obstetrics. (25th ed). McGraw-Hill Education.
Davidson, M. B., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2019). Old's Maternal-Newborn Nursing and Women's Health Across the Lifespan. (11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Hui, P., Baergen, R., Cheung A., et al. (2014). Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia – pathogenesis. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of Female Reproductive Organs. Kurman, R. J., Carcangiu, M. L., Simon Haerrington, C. X., Young, R. H., (Eds). WHO Press.
King, T., Brucker, M., Osborne, K, and Jevitt, C. (2019). Varney’s Midwifery. (6th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Moore, L. E. & Hernandez, E. (2018). Hydatidiform mole. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254657-overview#a4
Ngan, H., Seckl, M. J., Berkowitz, R. S., Xiang, Y., Golfier, F., Sekharan, P. K., & Lurain, J. R. (2015). Update on the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 131, S123-S126. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12615
Ngan, H., Seckl, M. J., Berkowitz, R. S., Xiang, Y., Golfier, F., Sekharan, P. K., Lurain, J. R., & Massuger, L. (2018). FIGO Cancer Report 2018: Update on the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Internal Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 143(2), 79-85. DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12615
Roszenhoic, A., Dodge, J., Breguet, M. & Sautheir, P. (2016). Gestational trophoblastic disease: opportunities for a national registry collaboration. International journal of gynecological cancer, 26(6), 1182-1185.
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Hyperemesis Gravidarum
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Patient Resources. Morning sickness: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Morning-Sickness-Nausea-and-Vomiting-of-Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126, e12-24. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002450
Boelig, R. C., Barton, S. J., Saccon, G. Kelly, A. J., Edwards, S. J., Berghella, V. (2017). Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Maternal Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 31(18), 2492-2505. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14767058.2017.1342805
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Hyperemesis gravidarum. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
London, V., Grube, S., Sherer, D.M., Abulafia, O. (2017). Hyperemesis gravidarum: a review of recent literature. Pharmacology, 100, 161-171. doi: 10.1159/000477853
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Iron Deficiency Anemia
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2008, affirmed 2019). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 95: Anemia in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 112(1), 201-207. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181809c0d
Auerbach, M. & Adamson, J. W. (2016). How we diagnose and treat iron deficiency anemia. American Journal of Hematology, 91(1), 31-38.
Brucker, M. C. & King, T. L. (2017). Vitamins and minerals. In Ferraro, K. Pharmacology for Women’s Health. (2nd ed.). (pp. 106-107). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Creasy, R. K., Lockwood, C. J., Resnik, R., Moore, T. R., Iams, J. D., & Greene, M. F. (2018). Anemia and pregnancy. In Kilpatrick, S. J. Creasy and Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. (8th ed.). (pp. 918-931). Elsevier Saunders.
Davidson, M., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2019). Pregnancy at risk: pregestational problems. In Sutter, R. Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing & Women’s Health Across the Lifespan. (11th ed.). (pp. 350). Pearson.
Di Renzo, G. C., Spano, F., Giardina, I., Brillo, E., Clerici, G, & Roura, L. C. (2015). Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Women’s Health, 11(6), 891-900. doi: 10.2217/whe.15.35
Nguyen, V., Wuebbolt, D. (2017). Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy and treatment options: a patient-preference study. Obstetrics & Gynecology. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000514632.23408.54
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Multiple Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Patient Resources: Multiple Pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/pregnancy/multiple-pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 169: Multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 128(4), 926-928. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001700
Heard, A. (2016). Multifetal Pregnancy. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1618038-overview
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019). NICE Clinical Guideline: antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg62
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019). NICE Clinical Guideline: twin and triplet pregnancy. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng137
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Placenta Previa
Anderson-Bagga, F. M. & Sze, A. (2019). Placenta previa. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539818/
Bakker, R. (2018). Placenta previa. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262063-overview
Creasy, R. K., Lockwood, C. J., Resnik, R., Moore, T. R., Iams, J. D., & Greene, M. F. (2018). Placenta previa, placenta accreta, abruptio placentae, and vasa previa. In Hull, A. D. & Resnik, R. Creasy and Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. (8th ed.). (pp. 732-736). Elsevier Saunders.
Davidson, M., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2016). Pregnancy at risk: pregestational problems. In Sutter, R. Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing & Women’s Health Across the Lifespan. (10th ed.). (pp. 350). Pearson.
Fujisaki, M., Furukawa, S., Maki, Y., Oohashi, M., Doi, K., Sameshma, H. (2017). Maternal morbidity in women with placenta previa managed with morbidly adherent placenta by ultrasonography. Journal of Pregnancy, 1-5. doi:10.1155/2017/8318751
Jauniaux, E., et al. (2019). Placenta previa and placenta accrete: diagnosis and management. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecology 126(1), e1-e48. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15306
Kollman, M., Gaulhofer, J., Lang, U., Klaritsch, P. (2016). Placenta praevia: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Journal of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 29(9), 1395-1398. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1049152
Matthews, K. C., Anderson, S., Chasen, S. T. (2019). Pregnancy outcomes in women with incidentally detected unicornuate uterus. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 220(1), S225-S226. doi: 10.1016/j.ajob.2018.11.344
Silver, R. M. (2015). Abnormal placentation: placenta previa, vasa previa, and placenta accreta. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126(3), 654-688. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001005
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Gyamfi-Bannerman, C. (2018). Society for maternal-fetal medicine consult series #44: Management of bleeding in the late preterm period. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 44, B2-B8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.019
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Polymorphic Eruption of Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Skin conditions during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Patient-Education-Pamphlets/Files/Skin-Conditions-During-Pregnancy
Casanova, R., Chuang, A., Goepfert, A. R., Hueppchen, N. A., & Weiss, P. M. (2019). Beckmann & Ling’s Obstetrics and Gynecology. (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L., Casey, B. M., & Spong, C. Y. (2018). Williams Obstetrics. (25th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
King, T. L., Bruker, M. C., Kriebs, J. M., Fahey, J. O., Gegor, C. L. (2018). Varney’s Midwifery. (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
Pierson, J. C. (2020). Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123725. .
Taylor, D., Pappo, E., & Aronson, I. K. (2016). Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy. Clinics in Dermatology. 34(3), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.011
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Postterm Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014, affirmed 2019). Practice Bulletin No.146: Management of late-term and postterm pregnancies. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 124, 390-396. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000452744.06088.48
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Postterm labor. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Wang, M., & Fontaine, P. (2014). Common questions about late-term and postterm pregnancy. American Family Physician, 90(3), 160-165. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0801/p160.html
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Preeclampsia, Eclampsia
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 133(1), e1-e25. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003018
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 767: Emergent therapy for acute-onset, severe hypertension during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 133(2), e174-e180. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003075
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Preeclampsia, Eclampsia. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2017). Preeclampsia and eclampsia. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia
Ross, M. (2019). Eclampsia. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253960-overview#a1
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). What causes preeclampsia and eclampsia? https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/causes
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Preterm Labor
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of preterm labor. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 128(4), e155-e164. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001711
American Pregnancy Association. (2019). Premature labor. https://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/premature-labor/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Preterm birth. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm
Ross, M. (2018). Preterm Labor. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/260998-overview#a1
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Spontaneous Abortion
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Practice Bulletin No. 200: Early pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 132(5), e197-e207. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2018/11/early-pregnancy-loss
BMJ Publishing Group. (2018). Miscarriage. BMJ Best Practice. http://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/666
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Spontaneous abortion. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Puscheck, E. (2018). Early pregnancy loss. Medscape. https://reference.medscape.com/article/266317-overview
Sapra, K. J., Joseph, K. S., Galea, S., Bates, L. M., Louis, G. M., & Ananth, C. V. (2017). Signs and symptoms of early pregnancy loss. Reproductive Sciences, 24(4), 502-513. doi:10.1177/1933719116654994
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Substance Use Disorder
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Committee Opinion No. 711. Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Opioid-Use-and-Opioid-Use-Disorder-in-Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Committee Opinion No. 722. Marijuana use during pregnancy and lactation. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Marijuana-Use-During-Pregnancy-and-Lactation
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Substance use disorder in pregnancy. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Saia, K. A., Schiff, D., Wachman E. M., Mehta, P., Vilkins, A., Sia, M., Bagley, S. (2016). Caring for pregnant women with opioid use disorder in the USA: expanding and improving treatment. Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports, 5(3), 257-263. doi: 10.1007/s13669-016-0168-9
Conditions That Complicate Pregnancy: Umbilical Cord Prolapse
Ahmed, W. A., Hamdy, M. A. (2018). Optimal management of umbilical cord prolapse. International Journal of Women’s Health, 10, 459-465. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S130879
Boushra, M., Stone, A., & Rathbun, K.M. (2019). Umbilical cord prolapse. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542241/
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Umbilical cord prolapse. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.) Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Adolescent Pregnancy
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). ACOG Committee on Adolescent Healthcare: Committee Opinion No. 699. Adolescent pregnancy, contraception, and sexual activity. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Adolescent-Health-Care/Adolescent-Pregnancy-Contraception-and-Sexual-Activity
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Healthcare providers and teen pregnancy prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/health-care-providers/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Teen pregnancy. Improving contraceptive access: tools for providers. https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/health-care-providers/improving-contraceptive-access.html
Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., & Osterman, M. J. K. (2019). Births in the United States, 2018. National Vital Statistics Report, 346. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db346.htm
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Trends in teen pregnancy and childbearing. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/reproductive-health-and-teen-pregnancy/teen-pregnancy-and-childbearing/trends/index.html
Postpartum Care
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Committee opinion No. 757: Screening for perinatal depression. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 132(5), e208-e212. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002927
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Patient resources: Postpartum depression. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Postpartum-Depression
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Postpartum depression. In Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Zulresso highlights of prescribing information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/211371lbl.pdf
Haim, A., Albin-Brooks, C., Sherer, M., Mills, E., & Leuner, B. (2016). The effects of gestational stress and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment on structural plasticity in the postpartum brain. A translational model for postpartum depression. Hormones and Behavior 77, 125-131. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.005
Hallgren, M. (2016). Exercise and internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Multicenter randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(383). DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.177576
Molyneaux, E., Telesia, L., Henshaw, C., Boath, E., Bradley, E., & Howard, L. (2018). Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, Art. No.: CD004363. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004363.pub3
National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Perinatal depression. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml
O’Connor, E., Rossom, R., Henninger, M., Groom, H. C., & Burda, B. U. (2016). Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Journal of the American Medical Association 315(4), 388-406. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.18948
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. N. (2019). Postpartum depression: pathophysiology, treatment, and emerging therapeutics. Annual Review of Medicine 2019, (70), 183-196. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106
Lactation: Physiology of Lactation
Davis, T. J. (2020). Physiology, lactation. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499981/
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Physiology of lactation. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Wagner, C. L. (2015). Human milk and lactation. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835675-overview
Lactation: Nutrition During Lactation
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2020). Breastfeeding. https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Breastfeeding/Pages/AAP-Policy-on-Breastfeeding.aspx
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129(3), 827-841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3552
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. (2015). AWHONN position statement: Breastfeeding. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 44, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12530
Bzikowska-Jura, A., Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna, A., Olędzka, G., Szostak-Węgierek, D., Weker, H., Wesołowska, A. (2018). Maternal nutrition and body composition during breastfeeding: association with human milk composition. Nutrients, 10(10):1379. doi:10.3390/nu10101379
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Mercury. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/environmental-exposures/mercury.html
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Nutrition during lactation. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Kominiarek, M. A., & Rajan, P. (2016). Nutrition recommendations in pregnancy and lactation. The Medical Clinics of North America, 100(6), 1199-1215. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.06.004
Breastfeeding: Deciding Whether to Breastfeed
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129(3), 827-841. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3552
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Donor human milk for the high risk-infant: preparation, safety and usage options in the United States. Journal of Pediatrics, 139, 1-6. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3440
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Committee Opinion No. 756. Optimizing support for breastfeed as part of obstetric practice. ACOG Obstetrics & Gynecology, 132:e187-96. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002890
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist. (2017). Committee Opinion No. 722. Marijuana use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 130:e205-e209. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002354
Bartick, M. C., Jegier, B. J., Green, B. D., Schwarz, E. B., Reinhold, A. G, & Stuebe, A. M. (2016). Disparities in breastfeeding: Impact on maternal and child health outcomes and costs. The Journal of Pediatrics, 181, 49-55. doi: dx.doi.org10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.028
Boone, K. M., Geraghty, S. R., & Keim, S. A. (2016). Feeding at the breast and expressed milk feedings: associations with otitis media and diarrhea in infants. The Journal of Pediatrics, 174, 118-125. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.006
Boquien, C. (2018). Human milk: An ideal food for nutrition of preterm newborn. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 6. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00295
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Breastfeeding: Contraindication to breastfeeding or feeding expressed breast milk to infants. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/Contraindications-to-breastfeeding.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Breastfeeding report card: United States. 2018. Atlanta GA: CDC. Retrieved September 23, 2019 from https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2018breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Vaccinations: Vaccination safety for breastfeeding mothers. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/vaccinations.html
Chai, Y., Nandia, A., & Heymann, J. (2018). Does extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave improved breastfeeding practices? Evidence from 38 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health, 3(5) e001032. Doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001032
Donovan, S. A. (2019). Paid family leave in the United States. Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44835.pdf
Grummer-Strawn, L. M., & Rollins, N. (2015). Summarising the health effects of breastfeeding. Acta Paediatrica, 104, 1-2. doi:10.111/apa.13136
Lodge, C. J., Tan, D. J., Lau, M., Dai, X., Tham, R., Lowe, A. J…. & Dharmage, S. C. (2015). Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatrica, 104, 38-53. doi:10.111/apa.13132
Meek, J. Y., & Hatcher, A. J. (2017). The breastfeeding-friendly pediatric office practice. Pediatrics, 139(5), doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-0647
Mosca, F. & Gianni, M. L. (2017). Human milk: composition and health benefits. La Pediatria Medica e Chirugica, 39(155), 47-52. doi: 10.48/pmc.2017.155
Nguyen, B., Jin, K., & Ding, D. (2017). Breastfeeding and maternal cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes: a systematic review. PloS One, 12(11), e0187923. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187923
Sriraman, N. K. & Kellams, A. (2016). Breastfeeding: What are the barriers? Why women struggle to achieve their goals. Journal of Women’s Health, 25(7), 714-722. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2014.5059
Victoria, C. G, Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., Franca, G.V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J.,… & Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
Wallby, T., Lagerberg, D., & Magnusson, M. (2017). Relationship between breastfeeding and early childhood obesity: Results of a prospective longitudinal study from birth to 4 years. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(1), 48-53. doi: 10.1089/bfm.20160124
Wu, X., Jackson, R. T., Khan, S. A., Ahuja, J.,& Pehrsson, P. R. (2018). Human milk nutrient composition in the United States: Current knowledge, challenges, and research needs. Current Development in Nutrition, 2(7), nzy025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy025
Breastfeeding: Alcohol Use During Breastfeeding
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Alcohol and breast milk. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/Alcohol-Breast-Milk.aspx
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Patient Resources. Breastfeeding your baby. https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/labor-delivery-and-postpartum-care/breastfeeding-your-baby
Anderson, A. O. (2018). Alcohol use during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(5), 315-317. doi:10.1089/bfm.218.0053
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Breastfeeding: Alcohol. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/alcohol.html
Gibson, L., & Porter, M. (2018). Drinking or smoking while breastfeeding and later cognition in children. Pediatrics, 42(2), e20174266. doi: 10.1542/peds2017-4266
Greomer, T. (2019). Alcohol and breasting, a review of the issues. World Nutrition, 10(1), 63-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26596/wn.201910163-88
Jansson, L. M. (2018). Maternal alcohol used during lactation and child development. Pediatrics, 142(2), e20181377. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-1377
LactMed Drug and Lactation Database. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/
Breastfeeding: Breast Care During Breastfeeding
Dennis, C. L., Jackson, K., & Watson, J. (2014). Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12), CD007366. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007366.pub2
Eshgizade, M., Moghaddam, M. B., Moghaddam, H. M., Mahmodian, A. S., & Mesbah, M. (2015). A comparison of the efficacy of olive oil, aloe vera extract and breast milk on healing breast fissure in the breastfeeding women. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5, 85. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A435637113/HRCA?u=tel_p_memshel&sid=HRCA&xid=cdaec892
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Breast care during breastfeeding. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Lebedevs, T., Kendrick, C. (2019). Pharmacological management of common lactation problems. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1561
Smith, E. (2016). If it's natural, why does it hurt? Examining the reasons mom may feel pain with breastfeeding. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 31(4). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A472004424/HRCA?u=tel_p_memshel&sid=HRCA&xid=db1420b5
Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding Techniques
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Committee Opinion 756: Optimizing support for breastfeeding as part of obstetric practice. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Optimizing-Support-for-Breastfeeding-as-Part-of-Obstetric-Practice
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. (2018). ACOG Committee Opinion 570: Breastfeeding in underserved women: increasing initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/Breastfeeding-in-Underserved-Women-Increasing-Initiation-and-Continuation-of-Breastfeeding
American College of Nurse Midwives. (2016). ACM Position Statement: Breastfeeding. http://www.midwife.org/acnm/files/ACNMLibraryData/UPLOADFILENAME/000000000248/Breastfeeding-statement-Feb-2016.pdf
Bigelow, A., Power, M., Gillis, D., Maclellan-Peters, J., Alex, M., McDonald, C. (2014). Breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact, and mother infant interactions over infants' first three months. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35, 51-62. DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21424
DiCioccio, H., Ady, C., Bena, J., Albert, N. (2019.) Initiative to improve exclusive breastfeeding by delaying the newborn bath. Initiative to improve exclusive breastfeeding by delaying the newborn bath. JOGNN, 48(2), 189-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2018.12.008
Henshaw, E., Fried, R., Siskind, E., Newhouse, L., Cooper. M. (2015). Breastfeeding self-efficacy, mood and breastfeeding outcomes among primiparous women. Journal of Human Lactation, 31(3), 511-518. DOI: 10.1177/0890334415579654
La Leche League International. (2019). Breastfeeding Info: Positioning. https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/positioning/
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World Health Organization. (n.d.). Ten steps to successful breastfeeding. https://www.who.int/activities/promoting-baby-friendly-hospitals/ten-steps-to-successful-breastfeeding
Breastfeeding: Determining Adequate Breast Milk Intake
Jensen, D., Wallace, S., Kelsay, P. (1994). LATCH: A breastfeeding charting system and documentation tool. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 23(1), 27-32. https://doi-org.ezhost.utrgv.edu/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1994.tb01847.x
La Leche League International. (n.d.). Is my baby getting enough milk? https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/is-baby-getting-enough/
La Leche League Great Britain. (n.d.). Signs of effective feeding in the early days. https://www.laleche.org.uk/signs-effective-feeding-early-days-2/
Neifert, M. (2004). Breastmilk transfer: positioning, latch-on, and screening for problems in milk transfer. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 47(3), 656-675. DOI: 10.1097/01.grf.0000136183.12304.96
Neifert, M., Bunik, M. (2013). Overcoming clinical barriers to exclusive breastfeeding. Pediatric Clinics of America, 60, 115-145.
Breastfeeding: Medication Use by Nursing Mothers
American Academy of Family Physicians. (2017). Breastfeeding (Policy Statement). https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/breastfeeding.html
American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Breastfeeding and medications. https://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Contraindications to breastfeeding or feeding expressed breast milk to infants. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/contraindications-to-breastfeeding.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Prescription and medication use. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/prescription-medication-use.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Vaccinations, medications, & drugs. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/index.html
Food and Drug Administration. (2014). Pregnancy and lactation labeling rule. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling-information-drug-products/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
Hale, T. (2019). Hale’s Medications and Mothers’ Milk. Springer Publishing.
Korpela, K., Salonen, A., Virta, L. J., Kekkonen, R. A., de Vos, W. M. (2016). Association of early-life antibiotic use and protective effects of breastfeeding: role of the intestinal microbiota. JAMA Pediatrics,170 (8), 750-757. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0585
La Leche League International. (2019). Over-the-counter (OTC) medications and breastfeeding. https://www.llli.org/over-the-counter-otc-medications-and-breastfeeding-2/
La Leche League International. (n.d.). Medications. A quick guide for parents. https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/medications-quick-guide-parents/
National Library of Medicine. (n.d.) Drugs and lactation database (LactMed). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/
Breastfeeding: Smoking by the Nursing Mother
American Academy of Family Physicians. (2019). Pharmacologic product guide: FDA-approved medications for smoking cessation. https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/patient_care/tobacco/pharmacologic-guide.pdf
Banderali, D., Martelli, A., Landi, M., Moretti, F., Betti, F., Radaelli, G., Verfuci, E. (2015). Short- and long-term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13, 327. doi: 10.1186/s12967-015-0690-y
Bernabe, E., MacRitchie, H., Longbottom, C., Pitts, N. B., & Sabbah, W. (2017). Birth weight, breastfeeding, maternal smoking and caries trajectories. Journal of Dental Research. 96(2) 171-178. DOI: 10.1177/0022034516678181
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Tobacco and e-cigarettes. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/tobacco-and-e-cigarettes.html
Napierala, M., Mazela, J., Allen, T., & Florek, E. (2015). Tobacco smoking and breastfeeding: Effort on the lactation process, breast milk composition and infant development. A critical review. Environmental Research. 151, 321-338. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.002
Napierala, M., Merritt, T. A., Miechowicz, I., Mielnik, K., Mazela, J., & Florek, E. (2019). The effect of maternal tobacco smoking and second-hand tobacco smoke exposure on human milk oxidant-antioxidant status. Environmental Research. 170, 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.017
National Institute of Drug Abuse. (2020). What is the scope of tobacco use and its cost to society? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes/what-scope-tobacco-use-its-cost-to-society
Breastfeeding: Storage of Breast Milk
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Storage and preparation of breast milk. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/preparation-of-breast-milk_H.pdf
Eglash, A., Simon, L., & The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2017). ABM clinical protocol #8: Human milk storage information for home use for full-term infant, revised 2017. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(7), 390-395. doi:10.1089/bfm.2017.29047.aje
Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Once baby arrives. Food safety for moms to be. https://www.fda.gov/food/people-risk-foodborne-illness/once-baby-arrives-food-safety-moms-be
Lawrence, R. A., & Lawrence, R. M. (2016). The collection and storage of human milk and human milk banking. In R. A. Lawrence & R. M. Lawrence (Eds.). Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. (8th ed.). (pp.712-742). Elsevier.
Breastfeeding: Vitamin Supplementation of Breastfed Infants
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129(3), 827-841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3552
Finn, K., Callen, C., Bhatia, J., Reidy, K., Bechard, L. J., & Carvalho, R. (2017). Importance of dietary sources of iron in infants and toddlers: Lessons from the FITS study. Nutrients, 9(7), 733. doi: https://doi.org/10.2290/nu9070733
Mosca, F. & Gianni, M. L. (2017). Human milk: Composition and health benefits. La Pediatria Medica e Chirugica, 39(155), 47-52. doi: 10.48/pmc.2017.155
Moyer, V. A. (2014). Prevention of dental caries in children from birth through age 5: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. recommendation statement. Pediatrics, 133, 1102-1111. Doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-0483
Rozier, R. G., Adair, S., Graham, F., Iafolla, T., Kingman, A., Kohn, W., ... & Strock, S. (2010). Evidence-based clinical recommendations on the prescription of dietary fluoride supplements for caries prevention: a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 141(12), 1480-1489.
Taylor, S. N., & The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2018). ABM Clinical Protocol #29: Iron, zinc, and vitamin D supplementation during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(6), 398-404. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2018.29095.snt
Toxnet: Toxicology Data Network. (n.d.). Drugs and lactation database (LactMed). https://toxnet.lm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/lmed.htmact
Wu, X., Jackson, R. T., Khan, S. A., Ahuja, J., & Pehrsson, P. R. (2018). Human milk nutrient composition in the United States: Current knowledge, challenges, and research needs. Current Development in Nutrition, 2(7), nzy025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy025
Breastfeeding: Weaning From Breastfeeding
American Academy of Family Physicians. (2017). Breastfeeding (policy statement). https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/breastfeeding.html
Charlick, S., Pincombe, J., McKellar, L., Gordan, A. (2019). The Private Journey: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Exclusive Breastfeeding. Women Birth, 32(1), e34-e42. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2018.03.003
Kellams, A., Harrel, C., Omage, S., Gregory, C., Rosen-Carole, C., and Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2017). ABM clinical protocol #3: supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate, Revised. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.29038.ajk
La Leche League International. (2019). Weaning: How To. https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/weaning-how-to/
Stearns, C. (2011). Cautionary Tales About Extended Breastfeeding and Weaning. Health Care for Women International, 32, 538–554. DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2010.540051
Taylor, S. N. (2018). ABM Clinical Protocol #29: Iron, zinc, and vitamin D supplementation during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine,13(6), 398-404. DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.29095.snt
Torquato I., Lima A., Neto V., Reichert, P. (2018). Standard for breastfeeding of children. Journal of Nursing, 12(10), 2514-2521. https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i10a237050p2514-2521-2018
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Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Breast Engorgement
Alekseev, N. P., Vladimir, I. I., & Nadezhda, T. E. (2015). Pathological postpartum breast engorgement: Prediction, prevention, and resolution. Breastfeeding Medicine, 10(4), 203-208. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0047
Berens, P., Brodribb, W. & The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2016). ABM clinical protocol #20: Engorgement. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11, 159-163. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.29008.pjb
Gresh, A., Robinson, K., Thornton, C. P., & Plesko, C. (2019). Caring for women experiencing breast engorgement: A case report. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. doi:10.1111/jmwh.13011
Wong, B. B., Chan, Y. H., Leow, M. Q. H., Lu, Y., Chong, Y. S., Koh, S. S. L., & He, H. (2017). Application of cabbage leaves compared to gel packs for mothers with breast engorgement: Randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 76, 92-99. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.014
Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Breast Milk Leakage
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Leaking breasts during lactation. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Liebert, M. A. (2016). ABM Clinical Protocol #20: Engorgement, Revised 2016. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(4), 159–163. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2008.9988
Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Candida Infection of the Nipples
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2016). ABM clinical protocol #26. Persistent pain with breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(2). DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2016.29002.pjb
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Candida infection of nipples. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Lawrence, R. & Lawrence R. (2015). Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Professional. (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Taylor, M., Raja, A. (2020). Oral candidiasis (thrush). StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545282/
Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Flat or Inverted Nipples
Bouchet-Horwitz, J. (2011). The use of supple cups for flat, retracting, and inverted nipples. Clinical Lactation, 2-3, 30-33.
Hollier, A. (Ed.). Flat or inverted nipples. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
La Leche League. (n.d.). Inverted and flat nipples. https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/inverted-flat-nipples/
Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Jaundice in Breastfed Infants
Bratton, S., Cantu, R. M. (2020). Breast milk jaundice. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537334/
Deshpande, P.G. (2017). Breast milk jaundice. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/973629-overview#a4
Fisherman, V. J., Maisels, M. J., & the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol 22: Guidelines for the management of jaundice in the breastfeeding infant 35 weeks or more of gestation-revised 2017. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(5). doi:10.1089/bfm.2017.29042.vjf
Muchowski, K. E. (2014). Evaluation and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. American Family Physician, 89(11), 873-878. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0601/p873.html
Pace, E. J., Brown, C. M., DeGeorge, K. C. (2019). Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: An evidence-based approach. The Journal of Family Practice, 68(1), E4-E11. https://www.mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/193251/pediatrics/neonatal-hyperbilirubinemia-evidence-based-approach
Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Mastitis
Amir, L. H. (2014). Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol #4: Mastitis. Breastfeeding Medicine, 9(5), 239-243. https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/4-mastitis-protocol-english.pdf
Amir, L. H., Trupin, S., Kvist, L. J. (2014). Diagnosis and treatment of mastitis in breastfeeding women. Journal of Human Lactation, 30(1), 10-13. doi: 10.1177/0890334413516065
Cullinane, M., Amir, L. H., Donath, S. M., Garland, S. M., Tabrizi, S. N., Payne, M. S., & Bennett, C. M. (2015). Determinants of mastitis in women in the CASTLE study: a cohort study. BMC Family Practice, 16(181). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12875-015-0396-5
Lebedevs, T., Kendrick, C. (2019). Pharmacological management of common lactation problems. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1561
Leung, S. S. (2016). Breast pain in lactating mothers. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 4(22), 341-346. doi: 10.12809/hkmj154762
Miller, A. C. (2019). Mastitis empiric therapy. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2028354-overview
Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Plugged Milk Duct
Hollier, A. (Ed.). (2018). Plugged milk duct. In Clinical Guidelines in Primary Care. (3rd ed.). Advanced Practice Education Associates.
Strong, G. D. (2011). Provider Management and Support for Breastfeeding Pain. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 40(6), 753-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01303.x
Witt, A. M., Bolman, M., Kredit, S., & Vanic, A. (2016). Therapeutic breast massage in lactation for the management of engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis. Journal of Human Lactation, 32(1), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415619439
Zhao, C., Tang, R., Wang, J., Guan, X., Zheng, J., Hu, J., … Song, C. (2014). Six-Step recanalization manual therapy: a novel method for treating plugged ducts in lactating women. Journal of Human Lactation, 30(3), 324-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334414532314
Problems Associated With Breastfeeding: Nipple Soreness
Berens, P., Eglash, A., Malloy, M., Steube, A. M., & the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. (2016). ABM clinical protocol #26: Persistent pain with breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(2), 1-8. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.29002.pjb
Lawrence, R. A., & Lawrence, R. M. (2016). Practical management of the mother-infant nursing couple. In R. A. Lawrence & R. M. Lawrence (Eds.), Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession. (8th ed.). (pp. 230-284). Elsevier.
Wambach, K. & Riordan, J. (2019). Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. Jones and Bartlett.